Lutein and Zeaxanthin


Lutein and Zeaxanthin

Lutein and Zeaxanthin are xanthophyll carotenoids that constitute the two major components of the macular pigment of the retina. In the retina, it is the macula lutea or “yellow spot” that is responsible for central vision and visual acuity. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are the only two carotenoids found in both the macula and lens of the human eye and hence play an essential role in eye health. They have dual functions in both tissues – to act as powerful antioxidants and to filter high-energy blue light.


Chemistry

Lutein and Zeaxanthin are unique among carotenoids due to their chemical structure, which includes two hydroxyl groups, making them more hydrophilic compared to other carotenoids commonly found in blood and tissues. The difference in the structure of Zeaxanthin, a stereoisomer of Lutein, involves the location of a double bond in one of the hydroxyl groups. These structural differences are believed to influence their biological functions.

Research, including studies cited by Bone et al., 1998, suggests that Lutein and Zeaxanthin may have a natural affinity for different areas of the retina, with Lutein being more associated with the peripheral retina and rods, and Zeaxanthin with the cones of the macula.

There has been extensive research, including in vitro cell cultures, in vivo animal models, and human studies, exploring the roles of Lutein and Zeaxanthin in eye health. These studies indicate that these xanthophylls may support eye health by offering nutritional support against environmental stressors and contributing to the maintenance of normal vision.





Mechanism of Action

Lutein and Zeaxanthin are recognized as powerful antioxidants. Lutein, in particular, is widely acknowledged for its role in supporting ocular function. These antioxidants contribute to cellular health by helping to manage oxidative stress, a natural process in the body.

Their ability to filter out high-energy blue light is also noteworthy. High-energy blue light can interact with certain elements in the retina, potentially leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lutein and Zeaxanthin play a role in supporting the eyes by mitigating the effects of environmental stressors, including blue light exposure. Through their antioxidant properties, they are valuable in supporting overall eye health and maintaining normal visual function.